The present perfect tense is used to indicate an action that started in the past and has continued up until now. 
Thus, "been" in option C is correct. It indicates the present perfect and is used to convey a sense of a time immediately before the present. In this case, the person we are asking likely just showed up, and we're asking them where they just came from.
"Gone" in option A is incorrect as it indicates an uncompleted visit during the past.
"Being" in option B is a distractor and is grammatically incorrect in the context.
"Went" in option D is incorrect as it refers to a particular completed action in the past. However, the context wants to know the general past.
Thus, option C is correct.