The diagram shows a pipe of uniform cross section in which water is flowing. The directions of flow and the volume flow rates (in cm3/s) are shown for various portions of the pipe. The direction of flow and the volume flow rate in the portion marked A are:
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To determine the flow in section A, apply the principle of continuity for incompressible fluids: the total flow into a junction must equal the total flow out.
Consider the junction where section A, 5 cm3/s (down), and 4 cm³/s (down) meet. Let the flow in A be Q cm3/s. Assuming downward is positive, the sum of flows is:
Q + 5 + 4 = 12
Solving: Q = 12 – 9 = 3 cm3/s. Since the result is positive, the flow is downward (↓).
Final Answer: ↓ and 3 cm3/s